Opinion piece distinguishes tree plantations from real forests in Portugal
An opinion article argues that monoculture tree plantations, such as eucalyptus and pine stands common in Portugal, are statistically classified as forest but do not function ecologically like diverse woodlands. It explains that biodiversity underpins ecosystem services such as water infiltration, soil fertility and erosion control, and that simplified landscapes become more dependent on external intervention and more vulnerable to drought and fire. Old-growth, ecologically mature forest covers only about 5% of mainland Portugal. The author calls for clearer distinction between plantations, production forests and diverse native woodlands when planning land use.